1-9

2-D+ topology  -  the addition of a z component to the traditional two dimensional (x and y) topology.

3-D model  -  three-dimensional, refers to the visual display that exhibits breadth, height, and thickness or depth.

abstract coordinate system (CS)  -  a means of identifying a set of positions in an abstract Euclidean space, comprised of a CS domain, a generating function, and a CS range.

abstract object  -  conceptual objects including virtual, engineering, and/or mathematical models.

accuracy domain (of S)  -  the set of valid coordinates in the coordinate-space of S that satisfy the accuracy domain template interval constraints evaluated with the SRFT parameter values for S.

accuracy domain template (for an SRFT)  -  a set of coordinate-component value interval constraints expressed in terms of the SRF template parameters and a set of error bounds for positional, directional, and ratio errors.

aggregating object  -  object that contains other objects (component objects).  A 'has-a' relationship exists between the aggregating object and its component objects.  For example, a polygon is an aggregating object for its vertex objects (components).  Synonym: container.

application program interface (API)  -  an encapsulation of functionalities common to many applications into reusable modules.  This encapsulation provides consistency among applications, as well as a reduction in complexity for access of data.

approximation error  -  The difference between the true value x and the approximation value x_a, caused by the replacement of theoretical formulations with approximations made to increase computational efficiency.

areal feature  -  a geographic entity that encloses a region.  For example, a lake, administrative area, or state.

Aries true of date  -  the current first point of Aries.

association  -  a relationship between two or more objects in a data representation model.  This is the weakest relationship, and can include multiplicity of objects at either end of the relationship.

atmospheric representation  -  the depiction of the atmosphere environment, which includes data on the location and characteristics of the zone from the Earth's surface to the upper boundary of the troposphere, and includes: (a) particulate and aerosol data on haze, dust and smoke (to include nuclear, biological and chemical effects), and (b) data on fog, clouds, precipitation, wind, condensation (humidity), obscurants, contaminants, radiated energy, temperature and illumination.

attribute  -  one of the data types whose instances provide values that taken together specify the state of an environmental object.  For example, the color of a building, or the width of a road.

base  -  1: the 'world' encompassed by an environment.  Boundaries are specified to define the extent of the base.  2: the root of an environment object hierarchy of objects with fixed positions in the world.

element  -  defined item within the abstract syntax.

elevation  -  the vertical component in a 3-dimensional measurement system.  Elevation is measured in reference to a fixed datum.

encoded transmittal  -  transmittal that has been encoded using a technique as defined in ISO/IEC 18023-2.

enumerant  -  one of the possible values of an enumerated data type.

enumerated data type  -  a data type whose values are specified from an ordered list of names.  (The names are assigned numbers whose values indicate the position within the ordered list.  It is these numbers that are actually manipulated by the implementation.)

environment  -  set of physical circumstances and/or conditions, including both natural and man-made phenomena.

environmental data  -  integrated set of data elements, each describing some aspect of an environment and the elements or events expected there.

environmental domain  -  the physical or abstract space in which the entities and processes operate.  The domain can be land, sea, air, space, undersea, a combination of any of the above (including permanent or semi-permanent man-made features) or an abstract domain, such as an n-dimensional mathematics space, or economic or psychological domains.

environmental phenomena  -  an individual element of the physical environment (e.g., a rain system, fog, cloud).

environmental representation  -  an authoritative representation of all or part of the natural environment, including permanent or semi-permanent man-made features.

epoch  -  the origin of an integrated temporal CS.

equatorial inertial SRFT  -  a spherical CS based SRF aligned with the equator of a planet and the direction to the Sun at the vernal equinox (at a specified epoch).

equatorial plane  -  plane through a designated centre of an object and normal to the rotational axis of the object.

equidistant cylindrical SRFT  -  a equidistant cylindrical and augmented equidistant cylindrical map projection of the sphere RD component of the ORM.

equinox  -  one of the two points of intersection between the orbit of a planet, and the line formed by the intersection of the ecliptic plane and the plane containing the Sun and parallel to the equatorial plane of the planet.

equivalent units  -  set of units of measure that characterize the same physical quantity.

face  -  a region enclosed by an edge or set of edges.  Faces are topologically linked to their surrounding edges, as well as to the other faces that surround them.  Faces are always non-overlapping, exhausting the area of a plane.

fair fight  -  a simulation or exercise conducted such that differences in the simulator or training system technology do not unduly result in one force or entity having an advantage over another.

feature  -  1: a model of a real world entity.  2: a static element of the environment that exists but does not actively participate in environmental interactions.

fidelity  -  1: the accuracy of the representation when compared to the real world.  2: (a) the similarity, both physical and functional, between the simulation and that which it simulates, (b) a measure of the realism of a simulation, or (c) the degree to which the representation within a simulation is similar to a real world object, feature, or condition in a measurable or perceivable manner.

first point of Aries (for the Earth)  -  the direction from the vernal equinox to the Sun.  (The current first point of Aries is termed Aries true of date.)

geocentric SRFT  -  the generalization of geocentric spatial reference frames to include non-Earth objects, when the object is Earth.

geocentric solar magnetospheric SRFT  -  a Euclidean 3D CS based planet centred SRF aligned with the direction to the Sun and the plane determined by that direction and the magnetic dipole of the planet, in the case of planet Earth.

geodetic coordinate system (GDC)  -  a measurement system that relates Earth-centered angular latitude and longitude (and optionally height) to an actual point near or on the Earth’s surface.

geodetic datum  -  datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to the Earth [ISO 19111].  (NOTE:  In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an ellipsoid definition.)

geodetic SRFT  -  the generalization of geodetic SRFs to include other planets and ellipsoidal bodies, when the planet is Earth.

geoid  -  a specific equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field that best fits the global mean sea surface in a minimum variance sense.  (Global, regional, and local approximations of the geoid are developed from empirical measurements in association with specific ERMs.)

geomagnetic SRFT  -  a spherical CS based SRFT aligned with the magnetic dipole of a celestial object, when the object is Earth.

geometry  -  a very abstract class, encapsulating both the concepts of traditional geometry as well as other classes containing measured data, and organizational methods used to organize these traditional geometry and other 'real' data classes within an environment.

Greenwich sidereal hour angle  -  the angle in radians from the first point of Aries to the direction of the x-axis of ORM WGS_1984 Earth reference ORM.  (The Greenwich sidereal hour angle depends on the epoch of definition of the first point of Aries and is a function of UTC time t elapsed from a given epoch.)

ground truth  -  the actual facts of a situation, without errors introduced by sensors or human perception and judgment.  For example, the actual location, orientation, and engine and gun state of an M1A1 tank in a live simulation at a certain point in time is the ground truth that could be used to check the same quantities in a corresponding virtual simulation.  Or the actual direct and diffuse solar irradiance at a terrain point is the ground truth that could be used to check the same quantity in a corresponding virtual simulation.

group  -  one of the set of concepts that are members of an organizational schema.

heliospheric Aries ecliptic SRFT  -  a spherical CS based Sun centred SRF with zero spherical latitude aligned with the ecliptic plane and zero longitude aligned to the first point of Aries.

heliospheric Earth ecliptic SRFT  -  a spherical CS based Sun centred SRF with zero spherical latitude aligned with the ecliptic plane and zero longitude aligned to the centre of the Earth.

heliospheric Earth equatorial SRFT  -  a spherical CS based Sun centred SRF with zero spherical latitude aligned with the equator of the Sun and zero longitude aligned to the centre of the Earth.

horizontal datum shift  -  a transformation between two celestiodetic SRFs for the spatial object Earth.

inertial direction  -  a direction with respect to the universe that is time invariant.

inheritance  -  the object-oriented concept where a child class also has the features (attributes and methods) of its parent class.  One of the types of relationships between objects in the data representation model.

integrated temporal coordinate system  -  a Euclidean 1D CS based on a unit of duration that is derived from a physical phenomenon.  (Fixing an origin (called the epoch) and then integrating continuously by accumulating units of the duration specifies an integrated temporal coordinate system.)

inter-transmittal referencing (ITR)  -  mechanism that allows relationship between objects contained in different transmittals.

interchange  -  mutual interaction that effects an exchange of data or information.

international atomic time (Temps atomique international, TAI)  -  the integrated temporal coordinate system with unit of duration of the SI second on the geoid and origin defined so that UT1-TAI was 0 on 1 January 1958.  (TAI is maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures, BIPM) and is generated by collecting and combining the data from a worldwide ensemble of atomic clocks.)

International System of Units (SI)  -  coherent system of units, which includes seven base units together with derived units [ISO 31-0].

interoperability  -  1: enables distributed heterogeneous simulation systems to be interactive so that a meaningful exercise may be conducted.  2: the ability of a model or simulation to provide services to and accept services from other models and simulations, and to use the services so exchanged to enable them to operate effectively together.  3: two training systems interoperating to present a single training exercise in the same simulated space to a geographically dispersed audience.

intervisibility  -  the translucency of superimposed visual objects (e.g., the ability to see through the leaves of a tree).

ionosphere representation  -  see space representation.

label  -  a compact and human-understandable designator that is used to denote a concept.

Lambert conformal conic SRFT  -  a Lambert conformal conic and augmented Lambert conformal conic map projection of the oblate or sphere RD component of the ORM.

level of detail (LOD)  -  alternate representations of an object at varying fidelities based on some criteria.

library  -  a complete list of unique item(s) of a certain type (whatever type the library contains) that can be referenced within the environment.

linear network  -  a geographic entity that defines a linear (one-dimensional) structure.  For example, a river, a road or a state boundary.

link association  -  a class containing the attributes of an association (link) between two other classes. The link association is depicted using the ‘horse-collar’ symbol.  The attributes in a link association class are properties of the association, not the classes linked by the association.

littoral region  -  1: defined as (a) seaward - the area from the open oceans to the shore that must be controlled to support operations ashore, and (b) landward - the area inland from the shore that can be supported and defended directly from the sea.   2: the area from the ten-fathom curve shoreward to the most inland point of the shoreline.

live simulation  -  a simulation involving real people operating real systems.

local space azimuthal 2D SRFT  -  an azimuthal CS based SRF for 2D abstract space.

local space polar 2D SRFT  -  a polar CS based SRF for 2D abstract space.

local space rectangular 2D SRFT  -  a 2D Euclidean spatial reference frame for an abstract 2D space.

local space rectangular 3D SRFT  -  a 3D Euclidean spatial reference frame for an abstract 3D space.

local tangent space azimuthal spherical SRFT  -  azimuthal spherical spatial CS with the zero 3^rd coordinate-component surface that is tangent to the oblate ellipsoid RD and with CS natural origin at the tangent point.

local tangent space cylindrical SRFT  -  cylindrical spatial CS with 3^rd coordinate-component surfaces that are parallel to a tangent plane to the oblate ellipsoid RD.

local tangent space Euclidean SRFT  -  Euclidean 3D spatial CS with 3^rd coordinate-component surfaces parallel to a plane tangent to the oblate ellipsoid RD.

location 3-D vertex  -  a coordinate in 3-dimensional space.

lococentric Euclidean 3D SRFT  -  Euclidean 3D spatial CS with a localised origin and axes orientations.

loss-less  -  not losing any data, information, or quality.

man-in-the-loop (MIL)  -  a model that requires human participation.

Mercator SRFT  -  a Mercator and augmented Mercator map projection of the oblate or sphere RD component of the ORM.

metadata  -  1: data about data [ISO 19115].  2:  information describing the characteristics of data.  3: descriptive information about an organization’s data, data activities, systems and holdings.

MIP level  -  one of a hierarchical set of images each representing the same conceptual picture.  (NOTE:  The set of images consists of one image at full resolution and other images at down-sampled resolutions.  This is often referred to as a MIP-map.)

model  -  physical, mathematical, or otherwise logical representation of a system, entity, phenomenon, or process.

natural environment  -  the Earth-based environment modeled by an environment.

node  -  a zero-dimensional primitive used to store a significant location.

north pole  -  that pole of rotation that lies on the north side of the invariable plane of the solar system.  (NOTE:  Some planets have retrograde rotation with respect to this definition.  Map north may be unrelated to this direction. )

numerical value  -  a real number that represents a quantity.

object  -  conceptual structure having both type and state.

object binding rule (for an ORMT)  -  an object-space specific restriction for the binding of a single RD in the RD set of the ORMT.

object binding rule set (OBRS)  -  ORMs for planets, satellites, and other celestial bodies include object-dynamic ORMs based on ORMT BI_AXIS_ORIGIN_3D.  Many of these object-dynamic ORMs share common rules for the binding of ORMT BI_AXIS_ORIGIN_3D components based on physical characteristics and spatial arrangements of the applicable celestial bodies.  An OBRS facilitates uniform specification of such ORMs.

object life cycle  -  the property of being created and existing until destruction.

object reference model (ORM) (for a spatial object)  -  a set of bound RDs for which there exists exactly one normal embedding that is compatible with each bound RD in the set.

object reference model template (ORMT)  -  a set of RDs and binding constraints such that, for a given object-space, whenever the RDs in the set are bound in compliance with the set of binding constraints, then that bound set of RDs forms an ORM.

object-space  -  an abstract universe or a real universe that is associated with a designated spatial object of interest.  (Object-space is the context in which all spatial locations are represented and spatial operations are performed. A rigid spatial object is assumed to be fixed in its object-space.)

oblique Mercator SRFT (for a sphere ORM)  -  an oblique Mercator and augmented oblique Mercator map projection of the sphere RD component of the ORM.

obliquity of the ecliptic  -  the angle in radians from the equatorial plane to ecliptic.  The obliquity of the ecliptic is a function of UTC time t elapsed from a given epoch.

organizational schema  -  end result of a process of concept characterization, comprised of a set of groups of concepts.

original data  -  the source data utilized by a resource provider to construct their initial environmental representation.

out-the-window (OTW)  -  human eye view of a visible spectrum environment through the viewport or window of a physical model of a tactical vehicle.

physical objects  -  real world objects.  (The length of one metre has intrinsic meaning in the object-space of a physical object.)

physical quantity  -  quantity that can be used in the mathematical equations of science and technology.

polar stereographic SRFT  -  a polar stereographic and augmented polar stereographic map projection of the oblate or sphere RD component of the ORM.

polygon  -  thematically homogenous areas composed of one or more faces.

position  -  an element of a CS range.

position-space  -  an n-dimensional Euclidean space, for n = 1, 2, or 3.  (Position-space serves as a vector space abstraction of object-space so that the methods of linear algebra and multivariate calculus may be applied to spatial concepts.)

positional accuracy  -  refers to the root mean square error (RMSE) of the coordinates relative to the position of the real world entity being modeled.  Positional accuracy shall be specified without relation to scale, and shall contain all errors introduced by source documents, data capture and data processing.

profile  -   identifies a subset of an International Standard that has been specified to meet the needs of a specific application area.

projected coordinate system (PCS)  -  an instantiation of a coordinate transformation.  A planar, right-handed Cartesian coordinate set that, for a specific map projection, has a single and unambiguous transformation to a geodetic coordinate system.

property  -  characteristic of an object.

provider  -  see resource providers.

quantity  -  property ascribed to phenomena, bodies, and/or substances that can be used to specify either the size, the amount, or the extent of a particular phenomenon, body, and/or substance.

quasi-inertial direction  -  a direction that changes over time relatively slowly with respect to the universe.

reference datum (RD)  -  a geometric primitive in position-space that is used to model an aspect of object-space through a process termed RD binding.

reference transformation (RT) (for an ORM)  -  a similarity transformation from the ORM normal embedding to the normal embedding of the reference ORM for that object.

representational polymorphism  -  technique where alternate representations of the same data serve different needs.

resolution  -  the degree of detail and precision used in the representation of real-world aspects in a model or simulation.  Granularity.

resource consumers  -  organizations that want to convert a SEDRIS transmittal generated by a provider into their database native format.

resource providers  -  organizations that provide either complete environmental data sets, or the raw data that is used by database generation systems to produce environmental data sets.

scalability  -  the ability of a distributed simulation to maintain time and spatial consistency, as the number of entities and accompanying interactions increase.

SEDRIS  -  an infrastructure technology that enables information technology applications to express, understand, share, and reuse environmental data.

SEDRIS abstract transmittal format  -  general organization, structure, and allowable content that is required for all external representations of transmittals [ISO/IEC 18023-2].

SEDRIS application  -  any application software that can consume a SEDRIS transmittal (e.g., to view, verify, or validate the data; or to convert to a target format).

SEDRIS transmittal  -  a particular data set that is represented in compliance with the SEDRIS data representation model for the purpose of interchange in memory or through the SEDRIS transmittal format.

SEDRIS transmittal format (STF)  -  1: provides users of SEDRIS, both data consumers and data providers, with a means of cross-platform interchange by supplying a universally specified external storage format.  2: binary encoding of the SEDRIS abstract transmittal format [ISO/IEC 18023-3].

selection data type  -  similar to an enumerated data type but forms a set of entries that may be extended.

selector  -  one of the values allowed by the definition of a selection item data type.

semantics  -  the implied meaning of data.  Used to define what entities mean with respect to their roles in a system.

semi-automated forces (SAF)  -  see computer generated forces.

sensor model  -  a model of a sensing system (sensor) other than a direct human eye visual model.  It may, and usually does, include a sensor signature model, a sensor atmospheric model and a sensor effects model.  It may also include human perception response for CGF simulation.  Examples of sensor models include radar system models, sonar system models, FLIR (forward looking infrared) imager models, and NVG (night vision goggle) models.

solar ecliptic SRFT  -  a spherical CS based SRF aligned with the ecliptic plane of a planet and the direction of the Sun.

solar equatorial SRFT  -  a spherical CS based planet centred SRF aligned with the ecliptic plane and the rotational axis of the Sun.

solar magnetic dipole SRFT  -  a Euclidean 3D CS based planet centred SRF with the z-axis aligned with the magnetic dipole and the xz-plane containing the Sun.

solar magnetic ecliptic SRFT  -  a Euclidean 3D CS based planet centred SRF aligned with the direction to the Sun and the plane determined by that direction and the magnetic dipole of the planet.

source format  -  the data file format in which the environment is stored prior to interchange.

space representation (including ionosphere)  -  the depiction of the space environment, which includes data on the location and characteristics of regions beyond the upper boundary of the troposphere, and including neutral and charged atomic and molecular particles and their optical properties.

spatial object  -  physical or virtual object to which spatial information applies.

spatial operation  -  mathematical function that re-expresses coordinates, directions, and/or distances expressed in one spatial reference frame in terms of a different spatial reference frame or a mathematical function for distance or other geometric quantities within a single spatial reference frame.

spatial reference frame (SRF)  -  a specification of a spatial coordinate system that is constructed from an ORM and a compatible abstract CS, such that coordinates uniquely specify positions with respect to the spatial object of the ORM.

spatial reference frame set (SRFS) (for an ORM)  -  a finite parameterized set of two or more spatial reference frames.

spatial reference frame template (SRFT)  -  a template used to derive a spatial reference frame.

state (of an object)  -  one of the possible modes of existence of an object as defined by the collective values of its attributes.

symbol  -  short, scientific notation for a unit of measure or a scale factor or both.

temporal coordinate system (CS)  -  a Euclidean 1D CS that assigns distinct coordinates to distinct times so that larger coordinate values are assigned to later times.

terrain skin  -  the geometrical portion of the terrain representation that model's the Earth's surface, including terrain polygons, vertices, and vertex normals.

texel  -  single element of an image used as a texture.

texture  -  image or a set of images applied to a surface representation to depict detail.

tick mark  -  a point on an axis identified by a specified value.

tile  -  one of a set of identical planar shapes that have been arranged to completely cover an area.

time  -  that physical quantity perceived as the continued progress of existence measured by an observer as events that are relatively ordered as “before” or “after” and which, at a given point in time, give rise to the notions of past, present and future.  (Time and location are often used together by an application to describe when a given condition exists or when an object was present at a given location.)

token set  -  a special type of attribute within a SEDRIS class.  It’s an attribute that can contain multiple values.

topology  -  refers to any relationship between connected geometric primitives that is not altered by continuous transformation.

transfer format  -  specification of the actual byte level descriptions of the physical files of a SEDRIS transmittal.

transmittal  -  hierarchy of DRM class instances and other information organized according to the principles described in ISO/IEC 18023-1.

transmittal file  -  file containing all or part of a transmittal.

transmittal format  -  interchange format for transmittals.

transverse Mercator SRFT  -  a transverse Mercator and augmented transverse Mercator map projection of the oblate or sphere RD component of the ORM.

traversal  -  movement from one object to another through a relationship between them, as in crossing between nodes in graph theory.

type (of an object)  -  essential aspects of an object that characterize and distinguish it from other objects.

unit of measure  -  reference quantity chosen from a category of mutually comparable physical quantities [ISO 31-0:1992].

universal time observed (UT0)  -  the mean solar time of the prime meridian obtained from direct astronomical observation.

universal time polar motion corrected (UT1)  -  UT0 corrected for the effects of small movements of the Earth relative to the axis of rotation (polar variation).

universal time Earth rotation corrected (UT2)  -  UT1 corrected for the effects of a small seasonal fluctuation in the rate of rotation of the Earth.

universal transverse Mercator (UTM) PCS  -  an ellipsoidal transverse Mercator projection to which specific parameters, such as central meridians, have been applied.  The Earth, between latitudes 84.0 degrees North and 80.0 degrees South, is divided into 60 zones, each generally 6 degrees wide in longitude.

valid-region  -  a restriction of the CS domain of the generating function (or mapping equations) for a CS as used in an SRF.

value (of a physical quantity)  -  quantitative expression of a particular physical quantity as the pairing of a real number and a unit of measure, the real number being called its numerical value.

vernal equinox  -  the equinox at which the direction from the planet to the Sun begins to ascend to the northern side of the equatorial plane.

virtual simulation  -  a simulation involving real people operating simulated systems.  Virtual simulations inject [man]-in-the-loop in a central role by exercising motor control skills (e.g., flying an airplane), decision skills (e.g., acquiring a target through a sensor and committing fire control resources to action), or communication skills (e.g., as members of a C4I team).

World Geodetic System (WGS-84)  -  defines the current U.S. DoD standard horizontal and vertical reference datums for a geodetic coordinate system, collected and standardized in 1984.